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“There
is in every regular and well governed Lodge, a certain point within
a circle, embordered by two parallel perpendicular lines. . . .
“Familiar to every Mason, this ancient symbol is too often
considered merely as one of many, instead of what it really is,
among the most illuminating of the entered Apprentice’s Degree. It
is particularly important not only for its antiquity, the many
meanings which have been and may be read from it by the student, but
because of the bond it makes between the old Operative Craft and the
modern Speculative Masonry we know. No man may say when, where or
how the symbol began. From the earliest dawn of history a simple
closed figure has been man’s symbol for deity - the circle for some
peoples, the triangle for others, and a circle or a triangle with a
central point, for still others. The closed figure, of course,
represents the conception of Him Who has neither beginning or
ending; the triangle adds to this the reading of a triune nature. It
is to be noted that the Lesser Lights form a triangle placed in our
Lodges in that orientation which expresses Wisdom, Strength and
Beauty. In some Jurisdictions a Lodge closes with the brethren
forming a circle about the Altar, which thus becomes the point, or
focus of the Supreme Blessing upon the brethren. Nor must we
consider that a reading which is wholly beyond the monitorial
explanation of the point within a circle is beyond Masonic
conception. A symbol may have many meanings, all of them right, so
long as they are not self-contradictory. As the point within a
circle has had so many different meanings to so many different
people, it is only to be expected that it have meanings for many
Masons. We find it connected with sun worship, the most ancient of
religions; ruins of ancient temples devoted both to sun and fire
worship are circular in form, with a central altar, or “point” which
was the Holy of Holies. The symbol is found in India, in which land
of mystery and mysticism its antiquity is beyond calculation. Of its
presence in many of the religions of the East, Wilford says (Asiatic
Researches): “It was believed in India that at the general deluge
everything was involved in the common destruction except the male
and female principles or organs of generation, which were destined
to produce a new race and to repeople the earth when the waters had
subsided from its surface. The female principle, symbolized by the
moon, assumed the form of a lunette, or crescent, while the male
principle, symbolized by the sun, assumed the form of the lingam (or
phallus) and placed himself erect in the center of the lunette, like
the mast of a ship. The two principles in this united form floated
on the surface of the waters during the period of their prevalence
on the earth, and thus became the progenitors of a new race of men.”
This is the more curious and interesting when a second ancient
meaning of the symbol is considered - that the point represents the
sun and the circle the universe. Indeed, this meaning is both modern
and ancient, for a dot in a small circle is the astronomical symbol
for the sun, and the derivation of this astronomical symbol marks
its Masonic connection. The Indian interpretation makes the point
the male principle, the circle the female; the point became the sun
and the circle the solar system which ancient peoples thought was
the universe because the sun is vivifying, the life-giving
principle, for all the lives. The two parallel lines, which modern
Masonry states represents the two Holy Sts. John, are as ancient as
the rest of the symbol, and originally had nothing to do with the
“two eminent Christian Patrons of Masonry.” It is a pretty
conception, but of course utterly without foundation. The Holy Sts.
John lived and taught many hundreds of years before any Masonry
existed which can truly be called by that name. If this is
distasteful to those good brethren who like to believe that King
Solomon was Grand Master of a Grand Lodge, devised the system and
perhaps wrote the ritual, one must refute them with their own
chronology, for both the Holy Sts. John lived long “after” the wise
King wrought his “famous fabric.” The two perpendicular parallel
lines are sometimes thought to have been added to the symbol of the
point within a circle as a sort of diagram or typification of a
Lodge at its most solemn moment, the point being the brother at the
Altar, the circle the Holy of Holies, and the two lines the brethren
waiting to help bring the initiate to light. But it is obviously a
mere play of fancy; the two lines against the circle with the point
date back to an era before Solomon. On early Egyptian monuments may
be found the Alpha and Omega, or symbol of God, in the center of a
circle embordered by two upright serpents, representing the Power
and the Wisdom of the Creator. Mackey reads into the symbol an
analogy to the Lodge by observing that as the Master and Wardens
represent the sun in three positions in the Lodge, and as the Lodge
is a symbol of the world (or universe) the circle can be considered
as representing the Lodge, the point the sun at meridian, and the
two lines, the Wardens or sun at rising and at setting. This also
seems to many students to be a mere coincidental reading. That
derivation of the symbol which best satisfied the mind as to logic
and appropriateness, students found in the operative craft. Here is
more to encourage than in all the researches into ancient religions
and the symbolism of men long forgotten. Fully to understand just
how the point within a circle came into Speculative Masonry by way
of Operative Craftsmanship, it is necessary to have some mental
picture of the times
in which the Craftsmen of the early middle ages lived and wrought.
The vast majority of them had no education, as we understand the
word. They could neither read nor write - unimportant matters to
most, first because there were no books to read, second because
there was nothing which they needed to write! Skilled craftsmen they
were, through long apprenticeship and careful teaching in the art of
cutting and setting stone, but except for manual skill and cunning
artifice founded on generations of experience, they were without
learning. This was not true of the leaders - or, as we would call
them - the Masters. The great Cathedrals of Europe were not planned
and overseen by ignorance. There, indeed, knowledge was power, as it
is now, and the architects, the overseer, the practical builders,
those who laid out the designs and planned the cutting and the
placing of the stones these were learned in all that pertained to
their craft. Doubtless many of them had a knowledge of practical and
perhaps of theoretical mathematics. Certain parts of this
theoretical knowledge became diffused from the Master Builders
through the several grades of superintendents, architects, overseer
and foreman in charge of any section of the work. With hundreds if
not thousands of men working on a great structure, some sort of
organization must have been as essential then as now. And equally
essential would be the overseeing of the tools. Good work cannot be
done with faulty instruments. A square and upright building cannot
be erected with a faulty square, level or plumb! The tools used by
the cathedral builders must have been very much what ours are today;
they had gavel, mallet, setting maul and hammer; they had chisel and
trowel as we have. And of course, they had plumb, square, level and
twenty-four inch gauge to “measure and lay out their work.” The
square, the level and the plumb were made of wood - wood, cord, and
weight for the plumb and level; wood alone for the square. Wood
wears when used against stone. Wood warps when exposed to water or
damp air. The metal used to fasten the two arms of the square
together would rust and perhaps bend or break. Naturally, the
squares would not indefinitely stay square. Squares had constantly
to be checked for the right-angledness. Some standard had to be
adopted by which a square could be compared, so that, when Operative
Masons’ squares were tried by it they would not “materially err.”
The importance of the perfect right angle in the square by which
stones were shaped can hardly be over estimated. Operative Masonry
in the Cathedral building days
was largely a matter of cut and try, of individual workmen, or
careful craftsmanship. Quality production, micrometer measurement,
interchangeabilty of parts were words which had not yet been coined;
ideas for which they stand had not even been invented. All the more
necessary, then, that the foundation on which all the work was done
should be as perfect as the Masters knew how to make it. Cathedral
builders erected their temples for all time - how well they built, a
hundred glorious structures in the Old World testify. They built
well because they knew how to check and try their squares! Today any
school boy knows the simple “secret of the square” which was then
the closely guarded wisdom of the Masters alone; toady any school
boy can explain the steam engine which was a wonder two hundred
years ago, and make and use a wireless which was a miracle scarce
ten years gone by. Let us not wonder that our ancient Operative
brethren thought their secret of a square so valuable; let us rather
wonder that in time in which the vast majority of men were ignorant
of mathematics, so many must have known and appreciated this simple,
this marvelous, geometrical secret. Lay out a circle - any size - on
a piece of paper. With a straight edge draw a line across through
its center. Put a dot on the circle, anywhere. Connect that dot with
the line at both points where it crosses the circle. Results - a
perfect right triangle. Draw the circle of whatever size you will;
place a dot on the circumference where you will, it makes no
difference. So be it. So be it the lines from the dot meet the
horizontal line crossing the circle through its center and they will
form a right angle. This was the Operative Mason’s secret - knowing
how “to try his square.” It was by this means that he tested the
working tools of the Fellows of the Craft; he did so often enough,
and it was impossible either for their tools or their work “to
materially err.” From this, also, comes the ritual used in the
lodges of our English brethren, where they “open on the center.”
Alas, we have dropped the quaint old words they use, and American
Lodges know the “center” only as the point within a circle. The
original line across the center has been shifted to the side and
became the “two perpendicular parallel lines” of Egypt and India and
our admonitions are no longer what they must have once been; . . .
“while a mason circumscribes his “square” within these points, it is
impossible that “it” should materially err.” Today we only have our
Speculative meaning; we circumscribe our desires and our passions
within the circle and the lines touching on the Holy Scriptures. For
Speculative Masons who use squares only in the symbolic sense such
an admonition is of far greater use than would be the secret of the
square as was known to our ancient brethren. But - how much greater
becomes the meaning of the symbol when we see it as a direct descent
from an Operative practice! Our ancient brethren used the point
within a circle as a test for the rectitude of the tools by which
they squared their work and built their temporal buildings. In the
Speculative sense, we used it as a test for the rectitude of our
intentions and our conduct, by which we square our actions with the
square of virtue. They erected Cathedrals - we build the “House Not
Made With Hands.” Their point within a circle was Operative - our is
Speculative! But through the two - point in a circle on the ground
by which an Operative Master secretly tested the square of his
fellows - point within a circle as a symbol by which each of us may
test, secretly, the square of his virtue by which he erects an Inner
Temple to the Most High - both are Masonic, both are beautiful. The
one we know is far more lovely that it is a direct descendant of an
Operative practice the use of which produced the good work, true
work, square work of the Master Masons of the days that come not
back. Pass it not lightly. Regard it with the reverence it deserves,
for surely it is one of the greatest teachings of Masonry, concealed
within a symbol which is plain for any man to read, so be it he has
Masonry in his heart. |
